Competencies for Anatomy and Function I
Mark Eberle
Relate metric measurements for length, volume, weight and temperature
to traditional units.
Define homeostasis and negative feedback.
Know terms for body regions, serous membranes, and body planes.
CELLS
Identify cell organelles in illustrations, and state their functions.
Define active transport, phagocytosis and osmosis.
Describe the stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase.
TISSUES
List the four main types of tissues: epithelium, connective tissue,
nerve tissue, muscle tissue. Relate epithelium's constant mitosis to its
vulnerability to radiation. Know that muscle and nerve tissues are
amitotic in adults, which makes recovery from stroke and heart attack
difficult. Know that most cancers arise from epithelia and connective
tissue because these tissues continue to divide in adulthood.
SKIN
List the functions of skin, including production of Vitamin D. Know
the function of Vitamin D in facilitating calcium uptake.
Describe the layers of the epidermis, its waterproofing by keratin, and
its constant turnover of cells. Describe how the epidermis' surface is
dead, and how shed keratinocytes feed house dust mites. Describe
melanin production by melanocytes, and relate it to prevention of skin
cancer.
Describe the structure and function of the dermis, including collagen
and elastin fibers. Understand what causes skin wrinkles.
Identify and describe the functions of sebaceous glands, eccrine
glands and apocrine glands. Describe how hair grows.
Classify burns by degree, and explain the pathology of severe burns.
Explain the meaning of "oma", "sarcoma" and "carcinoma". Describe the
three types of skin cancer.
BLOOD
Describe the volume and components of blood.
Understand the role of blood albumin, and how lack of it results in
edema and ascites.
Describe the role and life cycle of erythrocytes, including disposal
bilirubin. Explain the function of hemoglobin and its vulnerability to
carbon monoxide. Explain jaundice.
Describe the different types of anemia's. Explain how erythrocytes are
measured by hematocrit or RBC count.
Recognize and explain the functions of neutrophils and lymphocytes.
Define leucopoenia, leukocytosis and leukemia.
Describe the steps of homeostasis, including the roles of platelets,
prothrombin and fibrinogen, calcium and Vitamin K. Explain how heparin
and coumadin interfere with coagulation. Describe hemophilia,
thromboembolism, and phlebitis.
Explain blood type markers, permissible transfusion combinations and
transfusion reactions.
Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn. Explain how rhogam
prevents it.
HEART
Describe the anatomy of the heart and its valves. Explain the
differences between the right and left sides of the heart. Trace the
flow of blood through the heart and its systemic and pulmonary circuits.
Describe atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole.
Relate heart sounds to valve action. Interpret murmurs according to
their timing in the heart cycle.
Describe the heart's conduction system and what it accomplishes.
Interpret normal electrocardiogram tracings.
Identify the coronary arteries. Describe myocardial infarction and
ventricular fibrillation. Explain treatments for heart attack. Describe
congestive heart failure.
CIRCULATION
Describe arteries, capillaries, veins. Explain aneurysms and varicose veins.
Know how to measure blood pressure. Explain the causes of
hypertension.
Define circulatory shock, its signs and its causes.
LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNITY
Describe the anatomy and function of lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
Define edema, lymphadenitis and lymphoma.
Describe the location and function of the spleen and thymus gland.
Describe how the following protect against infection: skin, acid
barriers, mucus, normal flora, fever, inflammation, neutrophils,
macrophages, B lymphocytes and antibodies, Killer T lymphocytes and
cell-mediated immunity. Explain the differences between passive and
active immunity.
Explain the role of Helper T lymphocytes. Describe the pathology of
AIDS.
Explain the pathology of allergy, asthma and anaphylactic shock.
Define autoimmune disease, and give examples.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Describe the anatomy of the respiratory system.
Describe speech production. Define Valsalva's maneuver.
Explain surface tension, the role of surfactant in alveoli, and
respiratory distress syndrome.
Describe inspiration and expiration and their control by the
Inspiratory Center in the medulla. Relate origin of phrenic nerves to
hangman's fractures.
Describe the importance of carbon dioxide levels to breathing rate.
Explain the pleural vacuum. Describe pneumothorax.
BONE
Identify major bones by their Latin names.
Describe the functions of bones, including hematopoiesis.
Describe ossification.
Describe long bone structure, including epiphysis plates. Explain
the pathology of gigantism, acromegaly, pituitary dwarfism, and
achondroplasia.
Explain bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts Explain bone's
dependence on gravity and weight-bearing exercise.
Know the risk factors for osteoporosis and how to prevent it. Explain
pathologic fractures and kyphosis.
Describe bursae.
Describe the knee joint and its major ligaments. Explain the
pathology of knee injuries.
MUSCLE
Know the Latin names and actions of major skeletal muscles.
Compare and contrast smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Describe skeletal muscle structure and the sliding filament mechanisms
including the roles of calcium and ATP. Explain striations. Explain
rigor mortis.
Summarize the difference between aerobic and anaerobic pathways.
Describe what happens in neuromuscular junctions, including the roles
of acetylcholine and acetyl cholinesterase. Explain the effect of
pesticides and nerve gas on neuromuscular junctions.
Define motor units and muscle tone.
Compare slow, intermediate and fast muscle fibers. Relate them to
light and dark meat in poultry.
Define isotonic and isometric contraction.
Summarize the pathology of fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy, multiple
sclerosis, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebral palsy