|
|
Science
Biology 232
Competencies for BI 232
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Become familiar with the major neurotransmitters Also, be able to
describe the physiological effects of cocaine.
Describe the embryonic development of the brain. Also describe neural
tube defects and cerebral palsy.
What are the ventricles of the brain? What do they contain? What are
their names? Be able to identify them in a drawing.
Know the brain’s components, including the cerebral hemispheres, the
diencecephalon and its parts, the brain stem and its parts, and the
cerebellum. Be able to identify these parts in a figure of the brain and
also describe what they do. Explain the difference between gray matter
and white matter and where they are found.
Be able to identify the cerebral lobes and their dividing sulci in a
brain drawing.
Be able to identify the following functional areas of the cortex in a
brain drawing: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca’s area,
primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association area, visual
cortex, auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex, Wernicke’s
area, prefrontal cortex, general interpretaion area.
Know how the right and left hemispheres are specialized. Understand
the role of the corpus callosum.
Know the location and functions of basal nuclei, thalamus,
hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
Know the location and function of the midbrain’s corpora quadrigemina,
cerebral peduncles and substantia nigra.
Know the location and function of the pons and medulla. Define
decussation.
Describe the functions of the cerebellum.
Know the functions and components of the limbic system.
Describe the location and function of the reticular formation.
Describe the three layers of the meninges. Know what is in the
subarachnoid space.
Describe the formation of and the paths of circulation of the
cerebrospinal fluid.
Understand the blood brain barrier and its importance.
Know the functions of the spinal cord.
Be able to define concussion, contusion, CVA, TIA, subdural
hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Alzheimers disease, spastic
paralysis, flaccid paralysis, paraplegia, quadraplegia and spinal shock.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Describe how nerve fibers regenerate.
Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name, number, functions and
symptoms that can be expected if they are damaged.
Know how spinal nerves leave the cord, and how they are named for
vertebrae.
Know the major nerve plexuses.
For each of the following nerves, know the plexus it originates from,
Its functions and the symptoms that can be expected if it is damaged:
phrenic nerve, axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve,
ulnar nerve, radial nerve, femoral nerve, sciatic nerve’s tibial branch,
and sciatic nerve’s common peroneal branch.
Undestand what dermatomes are.
Define or describe each of the following types of reflexes:
somatic reflexes
autonomic reflexes
spinal reflexes
stretch reflexes, such as the patellar reflex
crossed extensor reflexes
plantar reflex
Babinski’s sign
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Know how do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisons differ with
regard to where they come out of the cord, the lengths of their
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, and the location of their ganglia.
Know the difference between somatic, visceral pain and referred pain.
Know where referred pain from the heart, diaphragm-lungs, and kidneys is experienced.
Know where is acetylcholine and norepinephrine are used in the
autonomic nervous system. Define adrenergic and cholinergic.
Where are these types of receptors found in the autonomic nervous
system?
Beta 1 adrenergic (What do they do?)
Beta 2 adrenergic (What do they do?)
Alpha adrenergic (What do they do?)
Muscarinic cholinergic (What do they do?)
Nicotinic cholinergic
(Why does nicotine stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?)
Know the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
NERVOUS SYSTEMFUNCTIONS
Know the sensory and motor pathways.
Know how Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease are similar and
different?
Understand what an EEG is. Distinguish among alpha, beta, theta and
delta waves.
Name and describe the three types of epileptic seizures.
Describe how sleep and wakefulness are related to the reticular
activating system.
Compare and contrast REM and NREM sleep. Define narcolepsy.
SPECIAL SENSES
Describe external eye structures, including extrinsic muscles,
lacrimal glands, nasolacrimal duct and conjunctiva.
Describe the cornea and the circulation of aqueous humor. Explain the
pathology of glaucoma.
Describe the iris and its control by the sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions. Notice that animals have different pupil
shapes that fit their niches.
Describe accomodation by the lens. Explain the pathology of cataracts.
Describe the vitreous humor, retina and choroid.
Compare and contrast rods and cones. Identify the retina's fovea
centralis, macula lutea and optic disk. Explain the pathology of
red-green color blindness, and macular degeneration. Explain the
role of rhodopsin and Vitamin A in night vision.
Explain how the tapetum lucidum helps nocturnal animals see in dim
light.
Explain how binocular vision provides depth perception.
Explain the pathology of myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism,
strabismus, and amblyopia.
preciate that vision is a brain function more than an eye function.
Describe the outer and middle ears, including how vibrations are
transmitted through them. Explain the pathology of otitis media and
conductive deafness.
Describe how vibrations are converted to impulses in the cochlea.
Explain the pathology of sensorineural deafness and tinnitis.
Define static equilibrium and how it is sensed in the vestibule.
Define dynamic equilibrium and how it is sensed in semicircular
canals. Define nystagmus. Explain the pathology of motion sickness.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
List and locate the major endocrine glands in the human body.
Understand differences between water soluble and fat soluble hormones.
Know what do prostaglandins do, and which over-the-counter drugs
interfere with their production.
Know the seven hormones made by the anterior pituitary and summarize
what each one does. Know the two hormones released by the posterior
pituitary, and what they do.
Describe these conditions resulting from growth hormone imbalances:
pituitary dwarfism, giantism and acromegaly.
Describe where thyroxine is made and stored, what it does, and how its
level is regulated. Discuss these conditions resulting from thryoxine
imbalances: iodine-deficiency goiter, cretinism, myxedema, Graves
disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Know where calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are made, what they do,
and what stimulates their release.
Know where adrenalin, aldosterone and cortisol are made, and what they
do. Describe Cushing’s Disease.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. Know the two types of
diabetes mellitis and their symptoms. Understand the difference between
insulin shock and diabetic coma.
Know why prolonged stress is harmful.
BLOOD
Describe the volume and components of blood.
Understand the role of blood albumin, and how lack of it results in
edema and ascites.
Describe the role and life cycle of erythrocytes, including disposal
of bilirubin. Explain the function of hemoglobin and its vulnerability
to carbon monoxide. Explain jaundice.
Describe the different types of anemias. Explain how erythrocytes are
measured by hematocrit or RBC count.
Recognize and explain the functions of neutrophils and lymphocytes.
Define leukopenia, leukocytosis and leukemia.
Describe the steps of hemostasis, including the roles of platelets,
prothrombin and fibrinogen, calcium and Vitamin K. Explain how heparin
and coumadin interfere with coagulation. Describe hemophelia,
thromboembolism, and phlebitis.
Explain blood type markers, permissible transfusion combinations and
transfusion reactions.
Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn. Explain how rhogam
prevents it.
HEART
Be able to define arterial circulation, venous circulation, pulmonary
circulation, systemic circulation, artery, arteriole, vein, venule, and
capillary.
Describe the location of the heart and pericardium. Define
pericarditis, tamponade, endocardium, myocardium.
Compare and contrast the right and left halves of the heart with regard
to where they pump, the thickness of their walls, their pumping pressure and the volume of blood
that they pump. Know that problems occur if the two sides do not pump the same volume of blood.
Compare and contrast the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
with regard to their location, construction and function. Know the other names for these valves.
Be able to list heart vessels, chambers and valves in the order that
blood flows through them.
Understand coronary circulation and infarction.
Be able to describe the heart's conduction system, and a normal ECG.
Know what happens in diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole.
Know what creates the first and second heart sounds Understand the
two types of murmurs, and when they occur in the heart cycle.
Know the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart. Use the Law to explain why
a drop in blood volume causes a drop in blood pressure, and why
increasing blood volume increases blood pressure.
Describe what happens following a heart attack, including how the body
compensates for a weakened heart. Understand congestive heart failure
and its treatment.
Define cardiac output, and know that it is stroke volume times beats
per minute. Compare how the hearts of an athlete and a couch potato
differ in the way they increase cardiac output.
Describe how the autonomic nervous system modifies heart rate. How does
cocaine occasionally cause death from heart failure?
Describe how the carotid sinus reflex protects the brain from a sudden
drop in blood pressure when we stand up, or from a sudden increase when
we stand on our heads. Define orthostatic hypotension.
BLOOD VESSELS
Define circulatory shock. Describe its causes. Describe the body’s
defenses against it. Describe its symptoms. Describe how it causes
death.
Define systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures. Know how to measure
them.
Know how capillaries exchange fluid with tissues. Understand the role
of albumin in drawing water back to the capillaries.
Understand veins return blood to the heart in spite of their low
pressure. Understand why prolonged standing without moving the legs can
cause unconsciousness. Define varicose veins.
|
|