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Science
Biology 233
Competencies for BI 233
FETAL CIRCULATION AND HEART DEFECTS
Know the differences between fetal and normal circulation. Understand
common fetal heart defects. Define right to left shunts, and left to
right shunts.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Know the three principal functions of the lymphatic system. Understand
why a drainage system for the tissues is necessary.
Describe the two drainage regions of the lymph system and where lymph
returns to the blood.
Know what symptom results if the lymph drainage is blocked.
Describe how lymph is moved through the lymph system.
Know the functions of lymph nodes. Describe lymph node structure.
and how it contributes to its function. Know the signifigance of
swollen lymph nodes. Define lymphadenitis and lymphoma.
Know where are lymph nodes concentrated and why.
List the lymphatic organs and give the general functions of each.
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Distinguish between nonspecific and specific defenses of the body.
Know how skin and the lining of the respiratory tract are protected
from infection. Know how is the vagina and digestive tract are protected
from infection by acidity and normal flora.
Compare and contrast how neutrophils and macrophages defend against
infection.
Know how are the four signs of inflammation helpful, what chemical
mediators cause inflammation, how inflammation is stopped medically,
and when it is unwise to stop inflammation.
Describe the protective function of fever, how the body creates fever,
and how aspirin reduces it.
Define interferon.
Compare and contrast humeral and cell mediated immunity.
Define the term antigen, and know what makes the best antigens--
lipids, carbohydrates or proteins.
Know how antibodies protect us. Define complement, and know what it
does.
Know the five classes of antibodies and their functions. Know other
names for antibodies.
Describe how antibodies are made.
Know the difference between secondary responses and primary responses.
Compare and contrast Cyto-toxic T Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells.
Compare and contrast the four kinds of Hypersensitivity.
Know why tissue rejection occurs, and how it is avoided.
Define tolerance and autoimmunity. Know how is tolerance lost. Know
examples of autoimmune diseases.
Understand the basic pathology of AIDS.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
List the functions of the respiratory system. Define pulmonary
respiration, external respiration and internal respiration.
Trace the path of air flow into and out of the lungs. Your
description should include nares, nasal cavity’s conchae and septum,
pharynx, larynx’s epiglottis and vocal cords, trachea, primary, secondary
and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
Know how is the air modified as it enters and passes through the
respiratory tract.
Know what the soft palate and epiglottis do when we swallow.
Know the three pairs of tonsils, and their locations.
Describe the parts of the larynx, including the epiglottis, the
thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, and the vocal cords. Know how
the arytenoid cartilages and muscles adjust the voice’s pitch and
loudness. Know what causes a nasal voice. Define Valsalva’s maneuver.
Know why the trachea and bronchi are reinforced by cartilage rings.
Understand why inhaled objects tend to go to the right bronchus. Define
Heimlich's maneuver.
Know lung structure. Define dust cells, Type 2 cells, surface
tension, surfactant, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and compliance.
Describe inspiration and expiration. Include the diaphragm, lung’s
elasticity, external inter-costal muscles, internal intercostal muscles,
abdominal muscles and phrenic nerves in the description.
Know why the vacuum in the pleural cavity is important. Define
pneumothorax and atelectasis.
Define and give an average volume for each of these respiratory
volumes:
vital capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory
reserve volume, residual volume, total volume and dead space.
Describe how hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs and releases it
in the tissues. Include how oxygen, acidity, temperature and DPG
influence the shape of hemoglobin. Be able to explain an
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Know how is fetal hemoglobin
different from normal hemoglobin.
Describe how carbon dioxide is mainly transported in plasma as
bicarbonate. Know the role of carbonic anhydrase.
Describe how the medulla and pons control respiration. Define the
Inflation Reflex, also known as the Herring-Breuer Reflex.
Describe the role of carbon dioxide as the main stimulus for
breathing. Understand why swimming underwater after hyperventilating be
fatal. Know why giving pure oxygen to emphysema patients can stop their
breathing.
Understand why breathing pure oxygen below 5000 feet does not help
“oxygen-starved” athletes recover faster, or normal people feel more
energetic.
THE URINARY SYSTEM
41.Describe the five functions of the kidneys. Know what kills people
about a week after the kidneys stop working unless they get dialysis
treatments.
Know the three nitrogenous waste products, and their dietary sources.
Define gout.
Describe the three processes used to make urine.
Be able to identify kidney structures in a figure or specimen.
Be able to trace the route of urine from the cortex to the urethra,
listing structures the urine passes through. Be able to trace the route
of blood through the kidney, listing vessels the blood passes through.
Be able tolabel the parts of a nephron, and explain how each part of
the nephron contributes to urine production.
Know how anti-diuretic hormone stimulates nephrons to save water.
Know the two functions of aldosterone.
Know where the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is located, and why.
Understand how the JGA raises blood pressure.
Understand the kidneys' role in congestive heart failure.
Know how these diuretics work: Caffeine, Alcohol, Aldactone, Thiazides
and Lasix.
Define micturition. Describe the reflex involved.
Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of kidney failure.
ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
Understand that buffers consist of weak acids and weak bases combined
to prevent large pH changes.
Know the normal pH range, and the physiological consequences of
acidosis and alkalosis.
Know the causes of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Be able to diagnose whether acidosis or alkalosis are respiratory or
metabolic using arterial pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate levels.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Understand how meiosis is different from mitosis.
Describe functions of male reproductive structures. Be able to
identify them in a figure. Trace sperms’route during ejaculation.
Define spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis and orchitis. Describe sperm’s
four parts and their functions. Know the nurse cells' functions?
Understand hormonal control of sperm and testosterone production.
Understand why anabolic steroids cause male infertility and testicular
atrophy.
Describe female reproductive structures. Trace sperms’ route through
female reproductive tract. Understand why are women vulnerable to
pelvic inflammatory disease.
Describe the ovarian cycle’s three stages. Know how fraternal and
identical twins occur. Understand why Down’s Syndrome increases with
maternal age.
Describe the uterine cycle’s three phases and its purpose.
Describe how hormones control ovarian and uterine cycles. Also
describe human chorionic gonadotropin’s role.
Describe how male genitals are formed from female genitals. Know the
evidence that the male form is a modification of the female form induced
by testosterone.
Know how and when are testes pulled down into the scrotum. Define
cryptorchidism and its risks.
Describe the cause and symptoms of menopause.
PREGNANCY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Describe the first two weeks of development. Know where fertilization
occurs. Define zygote, blastocyst, cleavage and implantation.
Describe the third week of development including gastrulation, neural
tube formation and heart formation. List the primary germ layers and
what each forms.
Know when the embryo become a fetus, and what the change in name
indicates.
Describe the second and third trimesters. Define quickening, vernix
caseosa and lanugo.
Describe the four embryonic membranes and the placenta’s chorionic
villi and intervillous spaces. Undestand that fetal and maternal bloods
do not mix. Describe the umbilical cord.
Describe the stages of parturition, including hormones.
Describe lactation, including hormones. Define let-down reflex and
colostrum.
HEREDITY
Define homologous chromosomes, dominant, recessive, genotype,
phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, allele.
Use Punnett squares to calculate phenotype probabilities.
Explain the pathology and genetics of cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs
disease, sickle cell anemia, PKU, Huntington's disease, hemophelia, Down's
syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome.
Explain why inbreeding increases the risk of recessive disorders.
Compare and contrast amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.
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